Melanocytoma of the optic disc is a well known variant of melanocytic nevus that usually occurs as a deeply pigmented lesion on the head of the optic disc. Historically, this tumor has often been confused with malignant melanoma. Histopathologically, it is composed of deeply pigmented round oval cells with abundant cytoplasm and small, round, bland nuclei. Melanocytomas is a benign, stationary tumors, with almost no propensity to undergo malignant transformation. Most cases that occur on the optic disc are visually […]

Angiogenesis is a complex process that results in new blood vessel formation. It is involved in physiological and pathological conditions and participates in several eye diseases. Among the chemical mediators of angiogenesis, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is recognized as one of the most important. In the last years, anti-VEGF agents have been introduced for the treatment of neovascularization of the posterior segment with very positive results. Some authors demonstrated benefits of using these substances for the control of […]

Corneal transplant rejection is an immunological cellular process that attacks the donor cornea and may cause its failure. It is the most common cause of corneal transplant failure.The most common factors for rejection are corneal neovascularization, previous graft failure, anterior synechiae, large or descentered graft, intraocular inflammation and previous anterior segment surgeries. It commonly presents with hyperemia, ocular pain, corneal edema, and anterior chamber inflammation. Corneal graft rejection can be classified as epithelial rejection, subepithelial rejection, stromal rejection, endothelial rejection, […]

This bibliographic review work is pointed to the effects of altitude hypoxia on sight. It intends to contribute for the identification of signs and symptoms of hypoxia during high altitude exposition. The understanding of the terrestrial atmosphere and the laws of physics related to gas behavior under atmospheric pressure variation are very important for the correct diagnosis of the dysbarisms, hypoxia, decompression disease and others, by the aerospace health professionals. The atmospheric environment that pilots are exposed is able to […]