ABSTRACT Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of vision loss among working-age adults in the Western world. Although it has traditionally been considered a microvascular disease, growing evidence suggests that neurodegenerative changes may occur even before the appearance of microvascular damage. The aim of this review was to provide a comprehensive summary of the current evidence regarding neurodegenerative changes in diabetic retinopathy. This is a narrative review, in which we performed a comprehensive literature search from August 15, 1998, to […]

ABSTRACT Objective: To outline the clinical and epidemiological profile of patients attended at the ophthalmology outpatient clinic of a university hospital, with emphasis on the presence of diabetes mellitus, diabetic retinopathy, and the type of ophthalmological follow-up. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, observational, and retrospective study in which electronic medical records of patients attended at the Ophthalmology Outpatient Clinic were analyzed during the period from March to August 2023 and compared with the same period in 2024. Medical records with […]

ABSTRACT Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema are leading causes of preventable vision loss, with a rising global impact due to the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus. This review article synthesizes current evidence regarding the management of diabetic retinopathy, addressing pathophysiological mechanisms and evidence-based therapeutic recommendations from major clinical trials. Key topics include screening strategies, updated classification systems, systemic control, and ocular therapies such as anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents, corticosteroids, laser photocoagulation, and vitrectomy. Emerging medication approaches, sustained-release […]

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the diabetic autonomic neuropathy through the comparison between the pharmacological mydriasis in patients without diabetes and with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This is an observational, cross-sectional, case-control study. The patients were dilated with phenylephrine 10% and tropicamide 1% eye drops. They were divided into patients without diabetes mellitus (Control or Group Zero) and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (Case Group). These patients with diabetes were divided into six groups according to the international classification of […]

ABSTRACT Objective To gather the available evidence in the literature on the prevalence and associated factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Latin America. Methods This scoping review was developed according to the PRISMA-ScR. Prevalence data were summarized by weighted mean, considering the type of DM and country. For the analysis of associated factors, meta-analyses were performed with the most homogeneous studies, and the ORs and their 95%CIs were calculated. Results Forty-two articles published between 2004 and 2020 were included in […]

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the accuracy of general practitioners in recognizing diabetic retinopathy through color retinal retinography, with a two-hour training course, by comparing the capacity of screening and classifying diabetic retinopathy. Methods: In the first arm of the study, of 142 diabetic patients included, 274 eyes were evaluated, and these patients were examined with an indirect binocular ophthalmoscope and classified according to the degree of diabetic retinopathy. In the second arm of the study, 14 physicians who are not […]

ABSTRACT Introduction: To obtain fundoscopy images through portable and low-cost equipment using artificial intelligence to assess the presence of DR. Methods: Fundus images of diabetic patients’ eyes were obtained by using a smartphone coupled to a device with a 20D lens. By using artificial intelligence (AI), the presence of DR was classified by a binary algorithm. Results: 97 ocular fundoscopy images were evaluated (45 normal and 52 with DR). Through AI diagnostic accuracy around was 70% to 100% in the […]

ABSTRACT Currently the “pandemic” of diabetes mellitus is noted. The incidence and prevalence of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy, the most common microvascular complications of diabetes, are exponentially growing due to increased life expectancy in many parts of the world. The increasing number of people suffering from diabetic retinopathy not only highlights medical issues, but also an economic burden, representing a medical and social challenge. It is extremely important to identify a disease as soon as possible and successfully treat it. […]