Published continuously since 1942, the Brazilian Journal of Ophthalmology (RBO) is one of the oldest scientific journals in Brazilian ophthalmology. In over 70 years of publications (Figures 1 and 2) focused on scientific knowledge, research, and medical education, RBO always sought to disseminate academic knowledge while adapting to the changes inherent to publishing processes […].

The biggest challenge of science is to add something new and practical to knowledge. On the other hand, one of the most common mistakes, responsible for the delay of the same science, is the lack of knowledge of what has been studied and published in literature. In general, in medicine, and particularly in ophthalmology, the technological, medical and surgical advances for the benefit of patients are unquestionable. Early diagnosis of glaucoma and of many retinal diseases has progressed remarkably due […]

Learning how to devise and conduct clinical studies can be an ambitious goal, but it is perfectly feasible. The most important step in this learning process is perhaps the initial reflection, which is the basis for planning each step of the training requirements, bearing in mind that even the great researchers have not learned overnight(1) […].

As in basic education, in which students are divided in grades, so the same content is taught to everyone, this standardized trend is seen among ophthalmologists. In the first years of medical residence, the student learns to examine and to understand how the eye functions. In the third year, he defines some areas of preference and learns how to do surgery.When in specialty stage, he chooses an area of action. From then on, in general, he opts for the progressive […]

Charles Kelman performed the first phacoemulsification (PHACO) procedures in the posterior chamber, but because he wanted surgeons to rapidly learn the technique, he chose to luxate the lens into the anterior chamber, where there was always the risk of endothelial damage if viscoelastic substances (VESs) were not used […].

When one makes up a clinical study, after posing a question to be answered by means of the data obtained by research, one can define the population to be studied. As it is not possible in general to evaluate all the population studied, one can select a sample. Sampling is when the analysis is performed based in a (representative) part of a population. In this stage, it is important to bear in mind that the only form of guarantee the […]