Diabetic macular edema must be assessed as early as possible, to avoid significant vision loss. To achieve this goal, there are many specific diagnostic tests that can be performed. The authors review the most common methods in diagnosing diabetic retinopathy.

The article presents a histologic study of a rare recurrent iris melanoma seven months after iridocyclectomy, in a 45-year-old female patient. After enucleation, the histopathological examination of the ocular globe demonstrated the persistence of a small tumor fragment in iridectomy stump, developing the neoplasia recurrence. The case brings data for a discussion about the conservative surgery of ocular melanomas and an analytical position of Evidence Based Medicine. A rare case, with documentation only histopathologic, motivates the use of this finding […]

Angiogenesis is a complex process that results in new blood vessel formation. It is involved in physiological and pathological conditions and participates in several eye diseases. Among the chemical mediators of angiogenesis, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is recognized as one of the most important. In the last years, anti-VEGF agents have been introduced for the treatment of neovascularization of the posterior segment with very positive results. Some authors demonstrated benefits of using these substances for the control of […]

Melanocytoma of the optic disc is a well known variant of melanocytic nevus that usually occurs as a deeply pigmented lesion on the head of the optic disc. Historically, this tumor has often been confused with malignant melanoma. Histopathologically, it is composed of deeply pigmented round oval cells with abundant cytoplasm and small, round, bland nuclei. Melanocytomas is a benign, stationary tumors, with almost no propensity to undergo malignant transformation. Most cases that occur on the optic disc are visually […]

The authors prepare a literature review about the main antioxidants used in daily practice for the prevention of age-related macular degeneration progression (AMD), emphasizing the mechanism of action of each substance as well as the possible complications related to the overuse of such components.

Assessment of the vitreoretinal interface has been greatly aided by the development of optical coherence tomography, in 1995. This imaging technology has allowed us to study involutional and disease processes that were previously unrecognizable by biomicroscopy and ultrasonography alone.This article will review these studies and illustrate the usefulness of optical coherence tomography in the evaluation of the vitreoretinal interface.

Macular edema is the leading cause of poor vision in diabetic patients.The mechanism of edema formation is complex and involves biochemical and structural changes. The authors review and update the physiopathologic concepts related to diabetic maculopathy.

The basal cell carcinoma is the most common neoplasia of the periocular region, being responsible for 90% of the eyelid malignancies. There has been a significant rate of increase of the neoplasia during the last few years. Although of slow growth and rarely enticing metastases, its extension and location offer great therapeutic difficulties when it involves the periocular region.The surgical treatment is the one currently used for the periocular region, however, new therapeutic methods have been proposed. The reparative surgical […]