Vitreoretinal surgery, which is dedicated to the management of complex disorders of the retina and vitreous, has undergone remarkable changes in the last 5 decades.(,) What began as a high-risk intervention with unpredictable outcomes has improved into a safe and effective approach, offering innovative therapies for previously untreatable diseases. This editorial highlights the current state of vitreoretinal surgery and explores future directions. The journey of vitreoretinal surgery started with Machemer and Parel’s pioneering introduction of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in […]

ABSTRACT This update article aims to discuss gene therapies under study for retinal diseases, mainly among the different inherited retinal dystrophies. Inherited retinal dystrophies are considered rare diseases, some are ultra-rare. The use of Luxturna, which was approved by the FDA in 2017 and by Anvisa in 2020, changed the natural history of the retinopathy associated with biallelic variants in RPE65 gene and was a major milestone in ophthalmology. There are still many challenges for this new therapeutic modality, which […]

ABSTRACT Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema are leading causes of preventable vision loss, with a rising global impact due to the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus. This review article synthesizes current evidence regarding the management of diabetic retinopathy, addressing pathophysiological mechanisms and evidence-based therapeutic recommendations from major clinical trials. Key topics include screening strategies, updated classification systems, systemic control, and ocular therapies such as anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents, corticosteroids, laser photocoagulation, and vitrectomy. Emerging medication approaches, sustained-release […]

ABSTRACT The pachychoroid disease spectrum (PDS) encompasses a range of chorioretinal disorders characterized by increased choroidal thickness, dilated Haller’s layer vessels (pachyvessels), and choroidal hyperpermeability, often associated with retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) alterations. This review synthesizes current evidence on pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy (PPE), central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PNV), and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), emphasizing their shared pathophysiological mechanisms, multimodal imaging features, and clinical implications. Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) and widefield indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) have […]

ABSTRACT Optical coherence tomography is an imaging technique widely used in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with age-related macular degeneration, being crucial for differentiating between the dry and exudative forms of the disease. The recognition and interpretation of various age-related macular degeneration biomarkers in optical coherence tomography play a key role in identifying signs of activity, chronicity, disease progression, and, most importantly, in monitoring the response to treatment and prognosis. Understanding the biomarkers enables the ophthalmologist to optimize their […]

ABSTRACT Proliferative vitreoretinopathy remains the leading cause of anatomical failure after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair, affecting 5 to 12% of primary detachment and up to 75% of redetachments. Although small-gauge vitrectomy, chromovitrectomy, high-definition intraoperative viewing systems and advanced preoperative imaging have revolutionized retinal surgery, the incidence of proliferative vitreoretinopathy has not decreased significantly over the past two decades. It represents a maladaptive wound-healing response in which inflammatory and fibrogenic pathways drive the formation of contractile preretinal, intraretinal, and subretinal membranes. […]